How to Cite Music MLA: Navigating the Complexities of Musical Sources in Academic Writing
In academic writing, it is essential to provide proper attribution for the works you reference. This includes not only books, articles, and other written materials but also multimedia sources such as music. The Modern Language Association (MLA) provides specific guidelines for citing these sources, ensuring clarity and credibility in your work. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of citing music according to MLA standards, exploring various perspectives and practical considerations.
The Basics of MLA Citation for Music
According to the MLA Handbook, when citing a musical piece, you should include the composer’s name, the title of the composition, the name of the performer(s), the recording company or venue, the date of the performance or release, and the medium (e.g., CD, digital download). For example, if you are referencing a song from a CD:
Example:
- Composer: Taylor Swift
- Title: Shake It Off
- Performed by: Taylor Swift
- Recorded by: Big Machine Records
- Date: 2014
- Medium: CD
Differentiating Between Performances and Recordings
One of the key distinctions in citing music is between performances and recordings. A performance typically involves an actual live event where the music is performed by musicians. A recording, on the other hand, captures the performance and can be released as a physical album or digital download. Both need to be cited appropriately depending on the context of your research.
Example of a Performance:
- Composer: Beethoven
- Title: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67
- Performed by: Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
- Conducted by: Herbert von Karajan
- Date: 1951
- Medium: Live performance
Example of a Recording:
- Composer: Bach
- Title: Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major, BWV 1048
- Performed by: Academy of Ancient Music
- Recorded by: Decca Records
- Date: 1980
- Medium: Digital download
Considering the Context of Your Research
When citing music, it’s important to consider the context in which the piece is used. For instance, if you are discussing a particular aspect of a musician’s style or influence, you might want to focus on their most notable compositions rather than every single work they have produced. Similarly, if you are analyzing a particular recording, you may want to highlight its significance within the artist’s discography or cultural impact.
Example:
- Composer: Mozart
- Title: Piano Sonata No. 11 in A Major, K. 331
- Performed by: Martha Argerich
- Recorded by: Deutsche Grammophon
- Date: 1980
- Medium: Digital download
Additional Considerations for Scholarly Use
For scholarly purposes, it is crucial to provide detailed information about the source material. This includes noting any translations, adaptations, or interpretations that may have been made. Additionally, if the music has been adapted or referenced in another work, you should acknowledge the original source while also providing credit to the new interpretation.
Example:
- Original Composer: Beethoven
- Adapted by: John Williams
- Title: “Theme from Jaws”
- Performed by: John Williams
- Recorded by: EMI Records
- Date: 1975
- Medium: Film score
Conclusion
Citing music in MLA format is a nuanced process that requires careful consideration of the specific context and purpose of your research. By following the guidelines provided by the MLA and considering the unique aspects of musical sources, you can ensure that your citations are accurate, informative, and credible. Whether you are analyzing a famous composition, examining a live performance, or referencing a recording, understanding the appropriate citation methods will enhance the quality and integrity of your academic work.
Related Questions
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Q: What happens if I can’t find the exact recording details?
- A: If you cannot find all the specific recording details, you can use the general information available, such as the recording label, year of release, and the type of recording (CD, digital download, etc.). Providing the best information available helps maintain the integrity of your citation.
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Q: Can I cite a cover version of a song differently than the original?
- A: Yes, you can cite a cover version differently if it is significantly different from the original. Highlight the differences and provide the original source, along with the cover artist and recording details.
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Q: How do I cite a live performance that was recorded?
- A: If a live performance is recorded, cite it as a recording. Include details like the venue, date, and recording company, and note that it is a live performance.
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Q: Should I cite the original composer or the arranger/interpretation artist?
- A: Generally, cite the original composer unless there is a significant difference in the arrangement or interpretation. However, if the arrangement or interpretation significantly alters the piece, you may want to acknowledge both the original composer and the arranger/interpreter.